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This is a continuously updated archive of the Aroid-L mailing list in a forum format - not an actual Forum. If you want to post, you will still need to register for the Aroid-L mailing list and send your postings by e-mail for moderation in the normal way.
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If Wolffia is Araceae....
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From: Jeremy P <drplantman at gmail.com> on 2009.07.20 at 00:25:07(19576)
Hello Aroid-L Listers,
Without wanting to open a proverbial can of worms (which may have never really been closed...), I do have a question about Wolffia, it's flower structure and thus its' (current?) inclusion in Araceae.
I'll give the reason for my question first, which leads to the actual query itself - we have many aroids on public display here at the RBG Melbourne, and for a long time I've wanted to interpret to our visitors that they can stand under the plant with the world's largest inflorescence (The fabulous Amorphophallus titanum of course) while trying to spot the world's smallest flowering plant floating on the pond... Wolffia.
So, my mind began ticking away at the finer details of how to tell the story, and became unsure when I put the statement "the world's smallest flower" beside the inclusion of Wolffia in Araceae, which as I understand it, is renowned for its' spathe/spadix inflorescence - having tried to stumble my way through much taxonomic jargon (of which my understanding is regrettably rather poor) I'm still none the wiser, and so we arrive at my point of query...
Does Wolffia have a single flower or an inflorescence? Seeing that in clear print makes me realise just how limited my understanding may be as I'm sure I can hear echoes of "it's not that simple" bouncing back already! I have come across mention of unisexual aroids flowers (on the IAS website, Genera page) but wasn't sure if that correlates to having an inflorescence... again a confession of my limited understanding.
So, with that all said I wait, with gratitude for any replies, to be educated...
Jeremy P
| HTML +More |
RBG Melbourne
--000e0cd48102949ddd046f182b9b----==============83893958912858241= |
|
From: Jeremy P <drplantman at gmail.com> on 2009.07.27 at 05:04:16(19588)
Dear Matyas,
Thank you for your comprehensive and illuminating reply! It was exactly what I was after, and as I suspected it may, generated further reading on my part to try and get my head around the way things stand at the moment.
Thank you once again,
Jeremy
| HTML +More | |
2009/7/23 Buzgo, Matyas
Dear Jeremy;
Bottom line:
Whether Lemnoids have a single flower or a composedinflorescence cannot be determined at this point.
Details:
Traditionally “Lemnaceae” have been interpreted ashaving an inflorescence. I emphasize here ”interpretation”, and theextremely reduced Wolffia is not the right starting point for a comparison withAmphophallus.
One reason for the inflorescence interpretation is the un-equaldevelopment of stamens in Lemna and Spirodela: Stamen-carpel-Stamen. Thissequence is unusual for flowers, where the organs of one identity tend to developtogether, but not unusual for inflorescences, if each organ (or a group of notmore than two) is considered a strongly reduced flower. The other reason isjust tradition – or burden – from the past, when Lemoids werecompared with Pistia (which is now rejected, see below).
HOWEVER:
1) Blurred Distinction:
Buzgo & Endress (2000) and Buzgo (2001) described thatstrong unidirectional development of flowers can lead to a mixed up sequence offlower organ development; particularly in reduced inflorescences. Buzgo et al(2006) described that the distinction of meristem identity of flower andinflorescence can be blurred in reduced flowers, and the debate whether reducedstructures represent a flower or inflorescence is not serving anybody.
2) Phylogeny and Ancestral Character States:
Looking at the molecular phylogeny of Araceae (Cabrera et al.2008), we see that the Lemnoideae clade inserts at the second node of the gradeof basal Araceae, between the basal most node to the sister clade withOrontioideae and Gymnostachys, and the third node to Pothoideae (+Anthurium)and Monsteroideae. That is, Lemnoideae are “surrounded” by cladeswith bisexual and pethal-bearing flowers! It is plausible that the ancestorof all Lemnoideae also had bisexual, petal-bearing flowers. It is notnecessary (not parsimonious) to assume that the structures in Lemanoideaerepresent several distinct flowers.
3) The Pistia Legacy
The reason for sticking with the interpretation of Lemnoidreproductive structures as inflorescence is a legacy or burden from the past,when Pistia was often proposed to be related to Lemnoids (Engler, Stockey et al.1997). This relation of Pistia to Lemnoids has been rejected now several times(rev. Cabrera et al. 2008; also Renner et al. 2004), and no longer bearssignificance for the interpretation of the flower in Lemnoids. Just dropit!
As a conclusion, the structure may well represent a single flower,possibly as the result of a strongly reduced inflorescence (point 1 above),with the tubular membrane in some representing a bract (spathe) or a perianthorgan (since it lacks an axillary meristem, “perianth” would beappropriate).
Below some Literature – I hope this helps.
Matyas
Matyas Buzgo, PhD
Dept. of Biological Sciences, LSUS
One University Place
Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
(318) 797 5120 office
(318) 797 5222 fax
Literature
+ Arber, A. 1919. The vegetative morphology of Pistia and theLemnaceae. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 91 B: 96-103
+ Bogner, J. 2000. Friedrich Hegelmaier (1833-1906) and theLemnaceae. Aroideana 23: 4-8
+ Buzgo, M. 1994. Inflorescence development of Pistia stratiotes(Araceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115 (4): 557-570
+ Buzgo, M., Endress, P.K. 2000. Floral structure anddevelopment of Acoraceae and its systematic relationships with basalangiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161 (1): 23-41
+ Buzgo, M. 2001. Flower structure and development of Araceaecompared with alismatids and Acoraceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 136(4): 393-425
+ Buzgo, M. Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Kim, S., Ma, H., Hauser,B.A., Leebens-Mack, J. Johansen, B. 2006. Perianth development in thebasal monocot Triglochin maritima (Juncaginaceae). - In: Columbus, J.T., Friar,E.A., Porter, J.M., Prince, L.M., Simpson, M.G. (eds), Monocots: ComparativeBiology and Evolution, (excluding Poales). ALISO 22: 107-125 (Claremont, CA,USA: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, ISSN:0065-6275)
+ Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W., Mayo S.J., Bogner,J., Davila, P. 2008 Phylogenetic Relationships of Aroids and Duckweeds(Araceae) inferred from coding and non-coding plastid DNA. Am. J. Bot. 95 (9):1153-1165
+ Caldwell, O.W. 1899. On the life-history of Lemna minor. Bot.Gaz. 27: 37-66
+ Landolt, E. 1980a. Biosystematische Untersuchungen in derFamilie der Wasserlinsen (Lemnaceae). Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETHRübel 70 (1): 5-247
+ Landolt, E. 1980b. Biosystematic investigations in the familyof duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol2. The family of Lemnaceae - A monographic study.Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 71: 7-566
+ Landolt, E. 1986. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographicstudy. Vol. 1 of the monograph: Morphology, karyology; ecology; geographicdistribution; systematic position; nomenclature; descriptions. Veröff. Geobot.Inst. ETH Rübel 71 (2): ??
+ Landolt, E. Kandeler, R. 1987. Biosystematic investigations inthe family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol. 4. The family of Lemnaceae - Amonographic study. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 95 (1):9-638
+ Renner, S.S., Zhang, L.-B. 2004. Biogeographyof the Pistia clade (Araceae): Based on chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAsequences and Bayesian divergence time inference. Syst. Biol. 53 (3): 422-432
+ Stockey, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., Rothwell, G.W. 1997 The fossilmonocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: Resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. Am. J.Bot. 84 (3): 355-368
This message is intended only for the use of the Addressee(s) and may contain information that is PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL, and/or EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE under applicable law. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying, distribution, or use of the information contained herein is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. If you received this communication in error, please destroy all copies of the message, whether in electronic or hard copy format, as well as attachments and immediately contact the sender by replying to this email.
From:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com [mailto:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com] OnBehalf Of Jeremy P
Sent: Sunday, July 19, 2009 7:25 PM
To: Discussion of aroids
Subject: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
Hello Aroid-L Listers,
Without wanting to open a proverbial can of worms (which may have never reallybeen closed...), I do have a question about Wolffia, it's flower structure andthus its' (current?) inclusion in Araceae.
I'll give the reason for my question first, which leads to the actual queryitself - we have many aroids on public display here at the RBG Melbourne, andfor a long time I've wanted to interpret to our visitors that they can standunder the plant with the world's largest inflorescence (The fabulous Amorphophallustitanum of course) while trying to spot the world's smallest floweringplant floating on the pond... Wolffia.
So, my mind began ticking away at the finer details of how to tell the story,and became unsure when I put the statement "the world's smallestflower" beside the inclusion of Wolffia in Araceae, which as Iunderstand it, is renowned for its' spathe/spadix inflorescence - havingtried to stumble my way through much taxonomic jargon (of which myunderstanding is regrettably rather poor) I'm still none the wiser, and so wearrive at my point of query...
Does Wolffia have a single flower or an inflorescence? Seeing that in clearprint makes me realise just how limited my understanding may be as I'm sure Ican hear echoes of "it's not that simple" bouncing back already! Ihave come across mention of unisexual aroids flowers (on the IAS website,Genera page) but wasn't sure if that correlates to having an inflorescence...again a confession of my limited understanding.
So, with that all said I wait, with gratitude for any replies, to beeducated...
Jeremy P
RBG Melbourne
--000e0cd47e34bea8b8046fa8e223----==============W25402780678257858= |
|
From: "Christopher Rogers" <crogers at ecoanalysts.com> on 2009.07.30 at 18:45:43(19599)
What a great response!
Thank you for all the information and the citations. I grow Lemna, Wolffia, and Spirodella. Do any of the references that you cite below have good keys to genus and/ or species?
Thanks in advance!
Christopher
| HTML +More | |
D. Christopher Rogers
Senior Invertebrate Ecologist/ Taxonomist
((,///////////=======<
EcoAnalysts, Inc.
1.530.383.4798
P.O. Box 4098
Davis, CA 95616
USA
ŸInvertebrate Taxonomy
ŸEndangered Species
ŸEcological Studies
ŸBioassessment
ŸInvasive Species
ŸPlankton
ŸPhycology
IDAHO ∙ CALIFORNIA ∙ MISSOURI ∙ PENNSYLVANIA ∙ ONTARIO
WWW.ECOANALYSTS.COM ∙ ECO@ECOANALYSTS.COM
From: aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com [mailto:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com] On Behalf Of Jeremy P
Sent: Sunday, July 26, 2009 10:04 PM
To: Buzgo, Matyas; Discussion of aroids
Subject: Re: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
Dear Matyas,
Thank you for your comprehensive and illuminating reply! It was exactly what I was after, and as I suspected it may, generated further reading on my part to try and get my head around the way things stand at the moment.
Thank you once again,
Jeremy
2009/7/23 Buzgo, Matyas
Dear Jeremy;
Bottom line:
Whether Lemnoids have a single flower or a composed inflorescence cannot be determined at this point.
Details:
Traditionally “Lemnaceae†have been interpreted as having an inflorescence. I emphasize here â€interpretationâ€, and the extremely reduced Wolffia is not the right starting point for a comparison with Amphophallus.
One reason for the inflorescence interpretation is the un-equal development of stamens in Lemna and Spirodela: Stamen-carpel-Stamen. This sequence is unusual for flowers, where the organs of one identity tend to develop together, but not unusual for inflorescences, if each organ (or a group of not more than two) is considered a strongly reduced flower. The other reason is just tradition – or burden – from the past, when Lemoids were compared with Pistia (which is now rejected, see below).
HOWEVER:
1) Blurred Distinction:
Buzgo & Endress (2000) and Buzgo (2001) described that strong unidirectional development of flowers can lead to a mixed up sequence of flower organ development; particularly in reduced inflorescences. Buzgo et al (2006) described that the distinction of meristem identity of flower and inflorescence can be blurred in reduced flowers, and the debate whether reduced structures represent a flower or inflorescence is not serving anybody.
2) Phylogeny and Ancestral Character States:
Looking at the molecular phylogeny of Araceae (Cabrera et al. 2008), we see that the Lemnoideae clade inserts at the second node of the grade of basal Araceae, between the basal most node to the sister clade with Orontioideae and Gymnostachys, and the third node to Pothoideae (+Anthurium) and Monsteroideae. That is, Lemnoideae are “surrounded†by clades with bisexual and pethal-bearing flowers! It is plausible that the ancestor of all Lemnoideae also had bisexual, petal-bearing flowers. It is not necessary (not parsimonious) to assume that the structures in Lemanoideae represent several distinct flowers.
3) The Pistia Legacy
The reason for sticking with the interpretation of Lemnoid reproductive structures as inflorescence is a legacy or burden from the past, when Pistia was often proposed to be related to Lemnoids (Engler, Stockey et al. 1997). This relation of Pistia to Lemnoids has been rejected now several times (rev. Cabrera et al. 2008; also Renner et al. 2004), and no longer bears significance for the interpretation of the flower in Lemnoids. Just drop it!
As a conclusion, the structure may well represent a single flower, possibly as the result of a strongly reduced inflorescence (point 1 above), with the tubular membrane in some representing a bract (spathe) or a perianth organ (since it lacks an axillary meristem, “perianth†would be appropriate).
Below some Literature – I hope this helps.
Matyas
Matyas Buzgo, PhD
Dept. of Biological Sciences, LSUS
One University Place
Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
(318) 797 5120 office
(318) 797 5222 fax
Literature
+ Arber, A. 1919. The vegetative morphology of Pistia and the Lemnaceae. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 91 B: 96-103
+ Bogner, J. 2000. Friedrich Hegelmaier (1833-1906) and the Lemnaceae. Aroideana 23: 4-8
+ Buzgo, M. 1994. Inflorescence development of Pistia stratiotes (Araceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115 (4): 557-570
+ Buzgo, M., Endress, P.K. 2000. Floral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic relationships with basal angiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161 (1): 23-41
+ Buzgo, M. 2001. Flower structure and development of Araceae compared with alismatids and Acoraceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 136 (4): 393-425
+ Buzgo, M. Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Kim, S., Ma, H., Hauser, B.A., Leebens-Mack, J. Johansen, B. 2006. Perianth development in the basal monocot Triglochin maritima (Juncaginaceae). - In: Columbus, J.T., Friar, E.A., Porter, J.M., Prince, L.M., Simpson, M.G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution, (excluding Poales). ALISO 22: 107-125 (Claremont, CA, USA: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, ISSN:0065-6275)
+ Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W., Mayo S.J., Bogner, J., Davila, P. 2008 Phylogenetic Relationships of Aroids and Duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and non-coding plastid DNA. Am. J. Bot. 95 (9): 1153-1165
+ Caldwell, O.W. 1899. On the life-history of Lemna minor. Bot. Gaz. 27: 37-66
+ Landolt, E. 1980a. Biosystematische Untersuchungen in der Familie der Wasserlinsen (Lemnaceae). Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 70 (1): 5-247
+ Landolt, E. 1980b. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol2. The family of Lemnaceae - A monographic study. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 71: 7-566
+ Landolt, E. 1986. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study. Vol. 1 of the monograph: Morphology, karyology; ecology; geographic distribution; systematic position; nomenclature; descriptions. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 71 (2): ??
+ Landolt, E. Kandeler, R. 1987. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol. 4. The family of Lemnaceae - A monographic study. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 95 (1): 9-638
+ Renner, S.S., Zhang, L.-B. 2004. Biogeography of the Pistia clade (Araceae): Based on chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA sequences and Bayesian divergence time inference. Syst. Biol. 53 (3): 422-432
+ Stockey, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., Rothwell, G.W. 1997 The fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: Resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. Am. J. Bot. 84 (3): 355-368
This message is intended only for the use of the Addressee(s) and may contain information that is PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL, and/or EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE under applicable law. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying, distribution, or use of the information contained herein is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. If you received this communication in error, please destroy all copies of the message, whether in electronic or hard copy format, as well as attachments and immediately contact the sender by replying to this email.
From: aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com [mailto:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com] On Behalf Of Jeremy P
Sent: Sunday, July 19, 2009 7:25 PM
To: Discussion of aroids
Subject: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
Hello Aroid-L Listers,
Without wanting to open a proverbial can of worms (which may have never really been closed...), I do have a question about Wolffia, it's flower structure and thus its' (current?) inclusion in Araceae.
I'll give the reason for my question first, which leads to the actual query itself - we have many aroids on public display here at the RBG Melbourne, and for a long time I've wanted to interpret to our visitors that they can stand under the plant with the world's largest inflorescence (The fabulous Amorphophallus titanum of course) while trying to spot the world's smallest flowering plant floating on the pond... Wolffia.
So, my mind began ticking away at the finer details of how to tell the story, and became unsure when I put the statement "the world's smallest flower" beside the inclusion of Wolffia in Araceae, which as I understand it, is renowned for its' spathe/spadix inflorescence - having tried to stumble my way through much taxonomic jargon (of which my understanding is regrettably rather poor) I'm still none the wiser, and so we arrive at my point of query...
Does Wolffia have a single flower or an inflorescence? Seeing that in clear print makes me realise just how limited my understanding may be as I'm sure I can hear echoes of "it's not that simple" bouncing back already! I have come across mention of unisexual aroids flowers (on the IAS website, Genera page) but wasn't sure if that correlates to having an inflorescence... again a confession of my limited understanding.
So, with that all said I wait, with gratitude for any replies, to be educated...
Jeremy P
RBG Melbourne
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From: "Marek Argent" <abri1973 at wp.pl> on 2009.07.31 at 21:59:52(19607)
Hello,
I don't know if it is good, because I've never used this:
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/1genkeys.htm
Marek
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----- Original Message -----
From: Christopher Rogers
To: 'Discussion of aroids' ; 'Buzgo, Matyas'
Sent: Thursday, July 30, 2009 8:45 PM
Subject: Re: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
What a great response!
Thank you for all the information and the citations. I grow Lemna, Wolffia, and Spirodella. Do any of the references that you cite below have good keys to genus and/ or species?
Thanks in advance!
Christopher
D. Christopher Rogers
Senior Invertebrate Ecologist/ Taxonomist
((,///////////=======<
EcoAnalysts, Inc.
1.530.383.4798
P.O. Box 4098
Davis, CA 95616
USA
ŸInvertebrate Taxonomy
ŸEndangered Species
ŸEcological Studies
ŸBioassessment
ŸInvasive Species
ŸPlankton
ŸPhycology
IDAHO ∙ CALIFORNIA ∙ MISSOURI ∙ PENNSYLVANIA ∙ ONTARIO
WWW.ECOANALYSTS.COM ∙ ECO@ECOANALYSTS.COM
From: aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com [mailto:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com] On Behalf Of Jeremy P
Sent: Sunday, July 26, 2009 10:04 PM
To: Buzgo, Matyas; Discussion of aroids
Subject: Re: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
Dear Matyas,
Thank you for your comprehensive and illuminating reply! It was exactly what I was after, and as I suspected it may, generated further reading on my part to try and get my head around the way things stand at the moment.
Thank you once again,
Jeremy
2009/7/23 Buzgo, Matyas
Dear Jeremy;
Bottom line:
Whether Lemnoids have a single flower or a composed inflorescence cannot be determined at this point.
Details:
Traditionally “Lemnaceae†have been interpreted as having an inflorescence. I emphasize here â€interpretationâ€, and the extremely reduced Wolffia is not the right starting point for a comparison with Amphophallus.
One reason for the inflorescence interpretation is the un-equal development of stamens in Lemna and Spirodela: Stamen-carpel-Stamen. This sequence is unusual for flowers, where the organs of one identity tend to develop together, but not unusual for inflorescences, if each organ (or a group of not more than two) is considered a strongly reduced flower. The other reason is just tradition – or burden – from the past, when Lemoids were compared with Pistia (which is now rejected, see below).
HOWEVER:
1) Blurred Distinction:
Buzgo & Endress (2000) and Buzgo (2001) described that strong unidirectional development of flowers can lead to a mixed up sequence of flower organ development; particularly in reduced inflorescences. Buzgo et al (2006) described that the distinction of meristem identity of flower and inflorescence can be blurred in reduced flowers, and the debate whether reduced structures represent a flower or inflorescence is not serving anybody.
2) Phylogeny and Ancestral Character States:
Looking at the molecular phylogeny of Araceae (Cabrera et al. 2008), we see that the Lemnoideae clade inserts at the second node of the grade of basal Araceae, between the basal most node to the sister clade with Orontioideae and Gymnostachys, and the third node to Pothoideae (+Anthurium) and Monsteroideae. That is, Lemnoideae are “surrounded†by clades with bisexual and pethal-bearing flowers! It is plausible that the ancestor of all Lemnoideae also had bisexual, petal-bearing flowers. It is not necessary (not parsimonious) to assume that the structures in Lemanoideae represent several distinct flowers.
3) The Pistia Legacy
The reason for sticking with the interpretation of Lemnoid reproductive structures as inflorescence is a legacy or burden from the past, when Pistia was often proposed to be related to Lemnoids (Engler, Stockey et al. 1997). This relation of Pistia to Lemnoids has been rejected now several times (rev. Cabrera et al. 2008; also Renner et al. 2004), and no longer bears significance for the interpretation of the flower in Lemnoids. Just drop it!
As a conclusion, the structure may well represent a single flower, possibly as the result of a strongly reduced inflorescence (point 1 above), with the tubular membrane in some representing a bract (spathe) or a perianth organ (since it lacks an axillary meristem, “perianth†would be appropriate).
Below some Literature – I hope this helps.
Matyas
Matyas Buzgo, PhD
Dept. of Biological Sciences, LSUS
One University Place
Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
(318) 797 5120 office
(318) 797 5222 fax
Literature
+ Arber, A. 1919. The vegetative morphology of Pistia and the Lemnaceae. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 91 B: 96-103
+ Bogner, J. 2000. Friedrich Hegelmaier (1833-1906) and the Lemnaceae. Aroideana 23: 4-8
+ Buzgo, M. 1994. Inflorescence development of Pistia stratiotes (Araceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115 (4): 557-570
+ Buzgo, M., Endress, P.K. 2000. Floral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic relationships with basal angiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161 (1): 23-41
+ Buzgo, M. 2001. Flower structure and development of Araceae compared with alismatids and Acoraceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 136 (4): 393-425
+ Buzgo, M. Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Kim, S., Ma, H., Hauser, B.A., Leebens-Mack, J. Johansen, B. 2006. Perianth development in the basal monocot Triglochin maritima (Juncaginaceae). - In: Columbus, J.T., Friar, E.A., Porter, J.M., Prince, L.M., Simpson, M.G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution, (excluding Poales). ALISO 22: 107-125 (Claremont, CA, USA: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, ISSN:0065-6275)
+ Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W., Mayo S.J., Bogner, J., Davila, P. 2008 Phylogenetic Relationships of Aroids and Duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and non-coding plastid DNA. Am. J. Bot. 95 (9): 1153-1165
+ Caldwell, O.W. 1899. On the life-history of Lemna minor. Bot. Gaz. 27: 37-66
+ Landolt, E. 1980a. Biosystematische Untersuchungen in der Familie der Wasserlinsen (Lemnaceae). Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 70 (1): 5-247
+ Landolt, E. 1980b. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol2. The family of Lemnaceae - A monographic study. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 71: 7-566
+ Landolt, E. 1986. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study. Vol. 1 of the monograph: Morphology, karyology; ecology; geographic distribution; systematic position; nomenclature; descriptions. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 71 (2): ??
+ Landolt, E. Kandeler, R. 1987. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), vol. 4. The family of Lemnaceae - A monographic study. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Rübel 95 (1): 9-638
+ Renner, S.S., Zhang, L.-B. 2004. Biogeography of the Pistia clade (Araceae): Based on chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA sequences and Bayesian divergence time inference. Syst. Biol. 53 (3): 422-432
+ Stockey, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., Rothwell, G.W. 1997 The fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: Resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. Am. J. Bot. 84 (3): 355-368
This message is intended only for the use of the Addressee(s) and may contain information that is PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL, and/or EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE under applicable law. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying, distribution, or use of the information contained herein is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. If you received this communication in error, please destroy all copies of the message, whether in electronic or hard copy format, as well as attachments and immediately contact the sender by replying to this email.
From: aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com [mailto:aroid-l-bounces@gizmoworks.com] On Behalf Of Jeremy P
Sent: Sunday, July 19, 2009 7:25 PM
To: Discussion of aroids
Subject: [Aroid-l] If Wolffia is Araceae....
Hello Aroid-L Listers,
Without wanting to open a proverbial can of worms (which may have never really been closed...), I do have a question about Wolffia, it's flower structure and thus its' (current?) inclusion in Araceae.
I'll give the reason for my question first, which leads to the actual query itself - we have many aroids on public display here at the RBG Melbourne, and for a long time I've wanted to interpret to our visitors that they can stand under the plant with the world's largest inflorescence (The fabulous Amorphophallus titanum of course) while trying to spot the world's smallest flowering plant floating on the pond... Wolffia.
So, my mind began ticking away at the finer details of how to tell the story, and became unsure when I put the statement "the world's smallest flower" beside the inclusion of Wolffia in Araceae, which as I understand it, is renowned for its' spathe/spadix inflorescence - having tried to stumble my way through much taxonomic jargon (of which my understanding is regrettably rather poor) I'm still none the wiser, and so we arrive at my point of query...
Does Wolffia have a single flower or an inflorescence? Seeing that in clear print makes me realise just how limited my understanding may be as I'm sure I can hear echoes of "it's not that simple" bouncing back already! I have come across mention of unisexual aroids flowers (on the IAS website, Genera page) but wasn't sure if that correlates to having an inflorescence... again a confession of my limited understanding.
So, with that all said I wait, with gratitude for any replies, to be educated...
Jeremy P
RBG Melbourne
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